Ab initio online training course content designed by our highly professional trainers. KITS Online Training Institute provides best Ab initio training and real-time support for an individual. The Ab Initio Component Library is a reusable software module for sorting, data transformation, and high-speed database loading and unloading. This is a flexible and extensible tool which adapts at runtime to the formats of records entered and allows creation and incorporation of new components obtained from any program that permits integration and reuse of external legacy codes and storage engines. We are also delighted to be one of the best leading IT online training with best experienced IT professionals and skilled resources. Ab initio online training is offered to consultants, companies so that they can meet all the challenges in their respective technologies. Therefore, we also provide similar courses like Informatica Online Training. Register for free demo today
Expression Editor
Transform Editor
Key Specifier Editor
Package Editor
Variables Editor
Sequence Specifier Editor
FILTER BY EXPRESSION
JOIN
MULTI REFORMAT
NORMALIZE
REFORMAT
ROLLUP
SCAN
SCAN WITH ROLLUP
PARTITION BY KEY
PARTITION BY EXPRESSION
PARTITION BY PERCENTAGE
PARTITION BY RANGE
PARTITION BY ROUND-ROBIN
GATHER
INTERLEAVE
MERGE
GATHER LOGS
REPLICATE
RUN PROGRAM
TRASH
OUTPUT TABLE
RUN SQL
UPDATE TABLE
JOIN WITH DB
SORT WITHIN GROUPS
SAMPLE
PARTITION BY KEY AND SORT
COMPARE RECORDS
CREATE DATA
GENERATE RECORDS
VALIDATE RECORDS
Lookup Count
Lookup First
Lookup Last
Lookup Next
String_concat
String_filter
String_filter_out
String_length
String_lrepad
String_rindex
String_substring
String_upcase
String_split
String_length
Graph Parameters
Relation to sandbox environment
Checking in your sandbox
Checking out a graph or a sandbox
Locking in order to change an object
Tagging
Common projects
Dependency and Impact analysis
SCD-Type2
SCD-Type3
Plan>It
Performance Tuning
PSETS
Components of the Spark unified stack
Resilient Distributed Dataset (RDD)
Downloading and installing Spark standalone
Scala and Python overview
Launching and using Spark’s Scala and Python shell ©
Handson-explanation
Ab Initio Handson Introduction
Input file component
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SCD Type-2
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Psets
Used defined sandbox parameters
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Good practices
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Write Excel
Write seperated values
Read multiple files
Run program component
Generate Records
Validate Records
Check order
Compute checksum
Compare checksum
Create data component
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What is a Testing tool?
Are you aware of software testing? Do you know its importance? If NO, then you are at the right place to know about the testing tool. This article on testing tools gives you detailed information on software testing. All software requires extensive testing before it is rolled to the public. Quality Control engineers use both open sources and commercial tools for testing the applications based on the software it is built. Let us start our discussion at What is test automation? It is defined as the automation of test-related activities. This test automation makes the test cases to execute automatically and reduce the intervention of human effort. Since less time is needed in an explanatory test, more time is needed in maintaining the test scripting coverage. Automated testing suits well for large projects and projects that require repeated testing. Who should be involved in test automation? When evaluating the testing solution, it is important to have a tool that fits the needs of all different team members who were involved in the testing process. These include: Manual Testers: Record and replay are crucial for the manual testers especially for the people who were new to the automation. Utilization of the same recorded input data is easier in identifying and fixing problems across multiple environments. Automation Engineers: For automation engineers robust support for scripting languages, Integration with CI Systems, and the ability to scale the test easily be important. Developers: Implementing the testing in the development process requires the ability to conduct the test with IDE’s and such as eclipse and visual studio. What are the popular testing tools? These testers use various tools to test different kinds of applications. Some of them were : Testing Tools: Katalon Studio: It is a test automation tool that enables you to test your web, mobile as well as API. This solution makes use of Selenium and appium engines. It offers an integrated environment for the testers to integrate different frameworks and tools. UFT: It is a commercial tool that originally allows users to test desktop, web, and mobile apps. It also offers various features of API Testing. Selenium: It is a well-known testing tool when comes to testing automation. It allows users to write scripts in a variety of languages including Java, C#, python, ruby. This tool runs on several operating systems and browsers. The drawback of this tool is that here you need to spend the amount of additional time in building the frameworks as well as the other tools for actual automation Test Complete: It enables desktop, mobile, and web testing. It offers users to choose different languages like Javascript, VB Script, python (or) C++ to write scripts. This tool contains a recognition engine that is capable of detecting user interface elements that are responsible to test apps whose interfaces change often. Testim: Testim is an automation tool that employees machine learning to help developers with authoring, execution, and maintenance of automated test. This tool allows developers to quickly create test cases and execute them on many mobile and web platforms. This tool learns data with every execution. Testim uses all the machine learning to improve itself and makes the test cases more stable. Mantis Bug tracker: This is an open-source test management tool that is simple and allows the teammates to collaborate. This tool has custom fields for the test cases and allows the users to control the access rights of various users and include email notifications for issues/updates/ comments. Test Collab: This proprietary tool helps to manage and plan various test cases in addition to the production of in-depth reports of various test execution statutes. Besides, this tool is capable of integrating with other tools as well. Cucumber: This tool is capable of enabling automated testing along using behavior-driven development. Here the functional test was written in plain text and can be automated with the scripts written in Ruby, Java, Dot Net, and many more. Here the cucumber is a plain text behavior and can also be translated into 40 different languages. Besides it also responsible for bridging the gaps between the customer, QA, and the development teams. Device Anywhere: This tool lets you test on real devices for both Android as well as IoS. And this tool is available in both free as well as the paid versions. Here the free version comes with limited functionality and the paid version comes with unlimited functionality. Likewise, many automation tools were available today. You can gain practical knowledge on these tools at Testing tools online training How to pick the right automation tool? As mentioned above, many testing automation tools were available today in the market. So based on the requirement, we need to pick the right automation tool. Hence choosing the best automation tool depends on three important factors. They are the target platform, the learning curve, and the pricing. Here the first factor is easy to understand. For an instance, if your product is a desktop application then every automation tool that works for mobile and web was automatically declassified. The second here we need to analyze is the learning curve. And if your learning curve is too steep, then it might be a bad sign. Here you need to analyze the problem of the steep learning curve. It depends on how quickly your team is up and running. And in some cases, it takes time for learning the tool due to its benefits. Finally, the last factor that we need to consider is pricing. Today all the firms were not in the same financial position. So the tool that you were going to buy is affordable for all kinds of firms. And many of these tools have a free-tier and allows you to try at least once and can buy the tool on a monthly (or) annual basis. So based on the above three factors the tester should weigh against the three factors and calculate the points in each area and make a final decision in picking the right automation tool. By reaching the end of this blog, I hope you people have gotten a basic idea regarding the need for testing tools and various kinds of testing tools that were available today in the market. In the upcoming post of this blog, I will be sharing the details of working on each testing tool by real-time industry professionals at the Testing Tool Online Course. Meanwhile, have a glance at our Selenium Interview Questions and crack the interview.
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What is Selenium?
Make an application live in the market is not as easy as you think. This is because application development requires several steps to release into the market. This involves planning, designing, implementation, testing, debugging, monitoring, and production. An application gets executed all these processes sequentially. Among all these processes, testing is the crucial phase in developing an application. The test result decides an application to make into production. Selenium is the best testing tool to test various kinds of applications in the market. Would you like to know how? Read the complete articles to get the best knowledge on this tool. Before going to have a brief discussion on this tool, let us have an initial discussion on Need for Testing: The world of technology is completed dominated by machines. Here the behavior is controlled by software powering it. And we cannot expect the machines to be run exactly all the time. So to make the application run the same all the time, we need to test application software and make it bug-free. This test result shows the application success rate. And this application success rate shows your business growth. This testing is necessary for all kinds of applications from small to large. Moreover, this software testing is divided into types like Manual Testing and Automation. This Automation testing is responsible to overcome the problem of manual testing. Challenges of Manual Testing: Manual testing refers to the testing of web applications manually by QA testers. Here tester needs to perform various test cases manually in every environment using different data sets and the success-failure rate of every transaction should be recorded. And we cannot expect every manual testing is accurate all the time. Because there would be failures occasionally during manual testing. Hence to overcome these kinds of failures, testers opts automation testing compared to manual testing. And Selenium is an example of this automation testing What is Selenium? It is an open-source tool, that is responsible for automating the test performed on the web browsers. With this tool, we can test both the mobile as well as desktop applications. This tool was originally developed by Jason Huggins in 2004. This tool suits well in developing applications across various browsers, platforms as well as programming languages. And this tool also suits well for various mobile platforms like Windows, Android, iOs, and so on. This tool uses different drivers to support a variety of programming languages. Some of the popular languages that this tool supports are C#, Java, Perl, Python, and Ruby. Among all these programming languages, selenium web driver is popular with java and python to test different kinds of scripts. Likewise, this tool supports different browsers like Safari, Mozilla, Google Chrome, and so on. Using selenium testers can able to deliver faster test cycles by automating rapid test cases. And you people can get the selenium download even through online. Kits Selenium Online Training gives a more detailed explanation of this tool. Selenium Tools: This Selenium suite is composed of several different tools as follows: Remote Control(RC): It is a testing framework that enables the QA (or) developer to write test cases in any programming language to automate the UI tests for web applications. This Selenium RC consists of Selenium Server and Selenium Remote Control(RC). The RC Server communicates using simple HTTP using GET/POST request. In Selenium RC, communication with the RC server is very slow. Hence this RC Server is a time-consuming process. Integration Development Environment(IDE): It is a firefox plugin that has donated the selenium IDE prototype to the apache selenium project. This firefox plugin is responsible for the faster creation of test cases. Here the IDE implements a record and playback model. Here the test cases are created by recording the user interactions with the browser. And these tests can be played back any number of times. Besides the advantage of this plugin allows to export the test records via different plugins like java, ruby, python, and so on. Web Driver: It is the first cross-platform testing that could control the browser from the OS level. In contrast to IDE, this web driver provides a programming interface to increate and execute test cases. Here the test cases are written such that web elements on the web pages are identified and the actions were performed on those elements. It is an upgraded version of Selenium RC. Hence it is much faster in comparision with RC. Grid: It is an advanced version that allows the simultaneous execution of an application in different browsers. One of the main advantages of using the grid is that it divides the total test suite to work with different machines at the same time. This tool is very flexible and can add more functionality to the framework to create changes to their versions to get high performance. How Selenium is different from QTP? QTP is a functional and regression testing automation that provides the functional and regression test automation for software applications and environments. This was used by testers over QTP before selenium. Now let us have a quick look on Advantages of Selenium over QTP: It is an open-source tool It is highly extensible Runs test across different browsers Supports various operating system and mobile devices Can execute the tests in parallel Capable of test execution while the browser is minimized Hence likewise, there are many benefits of this tool over other testing tools. Moreover, you people can get to know all those benefits practically from live experts through Selenium Online Course. I hope you people have got enough knowledge of Selenium and how it is different from other tools. In the next article, I'll be sharing you with the in-depth knowledge of selenium hq and its components, its applications in various cases, and so on. In the meantime have a glance at Selenium interview Questions and get placed in your dream firm
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LoadRunner Interview Questions
Q.What is load testing? Ans: Load testing is to test that if the application works fine with the loads that result from large number of simultaneous users, transactions and to determine weather it can handle peak usage periods. Q.What is Performance testing? Ans: Timing for both read and update transactions should be gathered to determine whether system functions are being performed in an acceptable timeframe. This should be done standalone and then in a multi user environment to determine the effect of multiple transactions on the timing of a single transaction. Q.What are the components of LoadRunner? Ans: The components of LoadRunner are The Virtual User Generator, Controller, and the Agent process, LoadRunner Analysis and Monitoring, LoadRunner Books Online. Q.What is Virtual Users? Ans: Unlike a WinRunner workstation which emulates a single user's use of a client, LoadRunner can emulate thousands of Virtual Users. Load generators are controlled by VuGen scripts which issue non-GUI API calls using the same protocols as the client under test. But WinRunner GUI Vusers emulate keystrokes, mouse clicks, and other User Interface actions on the client being tested. Only one GUI user can run from a machine unless LoadRunner Terminal Services Manager manages remote machines with Terminal Server Agent enabled and logged into a Terminal Services Client session. During run-time, threadedvusers share a common memory pool. So threading supports more Vusers per load generator. The Status of Vusers on all load generators start from "Running", then go to "Ready" after going through the init section of the script. Vusers are "Finished" in passed or failed end status. Vusers are automatically "Stopped" when the Load Generator is overloaded. Q.Explain the Load testing process? Version 7.2 Ans: Step 1: Planning the test. Here, we develop a clearly defined test plan to ensure the test scenarios we develop will accomplish load-testing objectives. Step 2: Creating Vusers. Here, we create Vuser scripts that contain tasks performed by each Vuser, tasks performed by Vusers as a whole, and tasks measured as transactions. Step 3: Creating the scenario. A scenario describes the events that occur during a testing session. It includes a list of machines, scripts, and Vusers that run during the scenario. We create scenarios using LoadRunner Controller. We can create manual scenarios as well as goal-oriented scenarios. In manual scenarios, we define the number of Vusers, the load generator machines, and percentage of Vusers to be assigned to each script. For web tests, we may create a goal-oriented scenario where we define the goal that our test has to achieve. LoadRunner automatically builds a scenario for us. Step 4: Running the scenario. We emulate load on the server by instructing multiple Vusers to perform tasks simultaneously. Before the testing, we set the scenario configuration and scheduling. We can run the entire scenario, Vuser groups, or individual Vusers. Step 5: Monitoring the scenario. We monitor scenario execution using the LoadRunner online runtime, transaction, system resource, Web resource, Web server resource, Web application server resource, database server resource, network delay, streaming media resource, firewall server resource, ERP server resource, and Java performance monitors. Step 6: Analyzing test results. During scenario execution, LoadRunner records the performance of the application under different loads. We use LoadRunner’s graphs and reports to analyze the application’s performance. Q.When do you do load and performance Testing? Ans: We perform load testing once we are done with interface (GUI) testing. Modern system architectures are large and complex. Whereas single user testing primarily on functionality and user interface of a system component, application testing focuses on performance and reliability of an entire system. For example, a typical application-testing scenario might depict 1000 users logging in simultaneously to a system. This gives rise to issues such as what is the response time of the system, does it crash, will it go with different software applications and platforms, can it hold so many hundreds and thousands of users, etc. This is when we set do load and performance testing. Q.What Component of LoadRunner would you use to record a Script? Ans: The Virtual User Generator (VuGen) component is used to record a script. It enables you to develop Vuser scripts for a variety of application types and communication protocols. Q.What is a rendezvous point? Ans: You insert rendezvous points into Vuser scripts to emulate heavy user load on the server. Rendezvous points instruct Vusers to wait during test execution for multiple Vusers to arrive at a certain point, in order that they may simultaneously perform a task. For example, to emulate peak load on the bank server, you can insert a rendezvous point instructing 100 Vusers to deposit cash into their accounts at the same time. Q.Explain the recording mode for web Vuser script? Ans: We use VuGen to develop a Vuser script by recording a user performing typical business processes on a client application. VuGen creates the script by recording the activity between the client and the server. For example, in web based applications, VuGen monitors the client end of the database and traces all the requests sent to, and received from, the database server. We use VuGen to: Monitor the communication between the application and the server; Generate the required function calls; and Insert the generated function calls into a Vuser script. Q.Why do you create parameters? Ans: Parameters are like script variables. They are used to vary input to the server and to emulate real users. Different sets of data are sent to the server each time the script is run. Better simulate the usage model for more accurate testing from the Controller; one script can emulate many different users on the system. Q.What is correlation? Explain the difference between automatic correlation and manual correlation? Ans: Correlation is used to obtain data which are unique for each run of the script and which are generated by nested queries. Correlation provides the value to avoid errors arising out of duplicate values and also optimizing the code (to avoid nested queries). Automatic correlation is where we set some rules for correlation. It can be application server specific. Here values are replaced by data which are created by these rules. In manual correlation, the value we want to correlate is scanned and create correlation is used to correlate. Q.How do you find out where correlation is required? Ans: Two ways: First we can scan for correlations, and see the list of values which can be correlated. From this we can pick a value to be correlated. Secondly, we can record two scripts and compare them. We can look up the difference file to see for the values which needed to be correlated. Q.Where do you set automatic correlation options? Ans: Automatic correlation from web point of view can be set in recording options and correlation tab. Here we can enable correlation for the entire script and choose either issue online messages or offline actions, where we can define rules for that correlation. Automatic correlation for database can be done using show output window and scan for correlation and picking the correlate query tab and choose which query value we want to correlate. If we know the specific value to be correlated, we just do create correlation for the value and specify how the value to be created. Q.What is a function to capture dynamic values in the web Vuser script? Ans: Web_reg_save_param function saves dynamic data information to a parameter. Q.What are Scenarios ? Ans: Scenarios encapsulate the Vuser Groups and scripts to be executed on load generators at run-time. Manual scenarios can distribute the total number of Vusers among scripts based on the analyst-specified percentage (evenly among load generators). Goal Oriented scenarios are automatically created based on a specified transaction response time or number of hits/transactions-per-second (TPS). Test analysts specify the % of Target among scripts. Q.How do you debug a LoadRunner script? Ans: VuGen contains two options to help debug Vuser scripts-the Run Step by Step command and breakpoints. The Debug settings in the Options dialog box allow us to determine the extent of the trace to be performed during scenario execution. The debug information is written to the Output window. We can manually set the message class within your script using the lr_set_debug_message function. This is useful if we want to receive debug information about a small section of the script only. Q.How do you write user defined functions in LR? Ans: Before we create the User Defined functions we need to create the external library (DLL) with the function. We add this library to VuGen bin directory. Once the library is added then we assign user defined function as a parameter. The function should have the following format: __declspec (dllexport) char* (char*, char*) Q.What are the changes you can make in run-time settings? Ans: The Run Time Settings that we make are: 1. Pacing - It has iteration count. 2. Log - Under this we have Disable Logging Standard Log and 3. Extended Think Time - In think time we have two options like Ignore think time and Replay think time. 4. General - Under general tab we can set the vusers as process or as multithreading and whether each step as a transaction. Q.Where do you set Iteration for Vuser testing? Ans: We set Iterations in the Run Time Settings of the VuGen. The navigation for this is Run time settings, Pacing tab, set number of iterations. Q.What is Ramp up? How do you set this? Ans: This option is used to gradually increase the amount of Vusers/load on the server. An initial value is set and a value to wait between intervals can be specified. To set Ramp Up, go to ‘Scenario Scheduling Options’ Q.If you want to stop the execution of your script on error, how do you do that? Ans: The lr_abort function aborts the execution of a Vuser script. It instructs the Vuser to stop executing the Actions section, execute the vuser_end section and end the execution. This function is useful when you need to manually abort a script execution as a result of a specific error condition. When you end a script using this function, the Vuser is assigned the status "Stopped". For this to take effect, we have to first uncheck the Continue on error option in Run-Time Settings. Q.What is the relation between Response Time and Throughput? Ans: The Throughput graph shows the amount of data in bytes that the Vusers received from the server in a second. When we compare this with the transaction response time, we will notice that as throughput decreased, the response time also decreased. Similarly, the peak throughput and highest response time would occur approximately at the same time. Q.How do you identify the performance bottlenecks? Ans: Performance Bottlenecks can be detected by using monitors. These monitors might be application server monitors, web server monitors, database server monitors and network monitors. They help in finding out the troubled area in our scenario which causes increased response time. The measurements made are usually performance response time, throughput, hits/sec, network delay graphs, etc. Q.If web server, database and Network are all fine where could be the problem? Ans: The problem could be in the system itself or in the application server or in the code written for the application. Q.How did you find web server related issues? Ans: Using Web resource monitors we can find the performance of web servers. Using these monitors we can analyze throughput on the web server, number of hits per second that occurred during scenario, the number of http responses per second, the number of downloaded pages per second. Q.How did you find database related issues? Ans: By running Database monitor and help of Data Resource Graph we can find database related issues. E.g. You can specify the resource you want to measure on before running the controller and than you can see database related issues . Q.What is the difference between Overlay graph and Correlate graph? Ans: Overlay Graph: It overlay the content of two graphs that shares a common x-axis. Left Y-axis on the merged graph show’s the current graph’s value & Right Y-axis show the value of Y-axis of the graph that was merged. Correlate Graph: Plot the Y-axis of two graphs against each other. The active graph’s Y-axis becomes X-axis of merged graph. Y-axis of the graph that was merged becomes merged graph’s Y-axis. Q.What does vuser_init action contain? Ans: Vuser_init action contains procedures to login to a server Q.What does vuser_end action contain? Ans: Vuser_end section contains log off procedures Q.What is think time? How do you change the threshold? Ans: Think time is the time that a real user waits between actions. Example: When a user receives data from a server, the user may wait several seconds to review the data before responding. This delay is known as the think time. Changing the Threshold: Threshold level is the level below which the recorded think time will be ignored. The default value is five (5) seconds. We can change the think time threshold in the Recording options of the Vugen. Q.What is the difference between standard log and extended log? Ans: The standard log sends a subset of functions and messages sent during script execution to a log. The subset depends on the Vuser type Extended log sends a detailed script execution messages to the output log. This is mainly used during debugging when we want information about: Parameter substitution. Data returned by the server. Advanced trace. Q.What is lr_debug_message ? Ans: The lr_debug_message function sends a debug message to the output log when the specified message class is set. Q.What is lrd_fetch? Ans: The lrd_fetch function fetches the next row from the result set. Q.What is lrd_stmt? Ans: The lrd_stmt function associates a character string (usually a SQL statement) with a cursor. This function sets a SQL statement to be processed. contact for more on LoadRunner Online Training
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MicroServices Interview Questions
Q.What Are Microservices? Ans: Microservices is a variant of the service-oriented architecture (SOA) architectural style that structures an application as a collection of loosely coupled services. In a microservices architecture, services should be fine-grained and the protocols should be lightweight. The benefit of decomposing an application into different smaller services is that it improves modularity and makes the application easier to understand, develop and test. It also parallelism development by enabling small autonomous teams to develop, deploy and scale their respective services independently. It also allows the architecture of an individual service to emerge through continuous refactoring. Microservices-based architectures enable continuous delivery and deployment. Q.What Is Spring Cloud? Ans: Spring Cloud Stream App Starters are Spring Boot based Spring Integration applications that provide integration with external systems. Spring Cloud Task. A short-lived microservices framework to quickly build applications that perform finite amounts of data processing. Q.What Are The Advantages Of Using Spring Cloud? Ans: When developing distributed microservices with Spring Boot we face the following issues- Complexity associated with distributed systems- This overhead includes network issues, Latency overhead, Bandwidth issues, security issues. Service Discovery- Service discovery tools manage how processes and services in a cluster can find and talk to one another. It involves a directory of services, registering services in that directory, and then being able to lookup and connect to services in that directory. Redundancy- Redundancy issues in distributed systems. Loadbalancing- Load balancing improves the distribution of workloads across multiple computing resources, such as computers, a computer cluster, network links, central processing units, or disk drives. Performance issues- Performance issues due to various operational overheads. Deployment complexities- Requirement of Devops skills. Q.What Is A Microservices Architecture? Ans: Microservices architecture allows to avoid monolith application for large system. It provide loose coupling between collaborating processes which running independently in different environments with tight cohesion. Q.What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microservices? Ans: Microservices Advantages Smaller code base is easy to maintain. Easy to scale as individual component. Technology diversity i.e. we can mix libraries, databases, frameworks etc. Fault isolation i.e. a process failure should not bring whole system down. Better support for smaller and parallel team. Independent deployment Deployment time reduce Microservices Disadvantages Difficult to achieve strong consistency across services ACID transactions do not span multiple processes. Distributed System so hard to debug and trace the issues Greater need for end to end testing Required cultural changes in across teams like Dev and Ops working together even in same team. Q.What Netflix Projects Did We Use? Ans: Eureka created by Netflix, it is the Netflix Service Discovery Server and Client. Netflix Ribbon, it provide several algorithm for Client-Side Load Balancing. Spring provide smart RestTemplate for service discovery and load balancing by using @LoadBalanced annotation with RestTemplate instance. Q.How Will You Monitor Multiple Microservices For Various Indicators Like Health? Ans: Spring Boot provides actuator endpoints to monitor metrics of individual microservices. These endpoints are very helpful for getting information about applications like if they are up, if their components like database etc are working good. But a major drawback or difficulty about using actuator enpoints is that we have to individually hit the enpoints for applications to know their status or health. Imagine microservices involving 50 applications, the admin will have to hit the actuator endpoints of all 50 applications. To help us deal with this situation, we will be using open source project located at Built on top of Spring Boot Actuator, it provides a web UI to enable us visualize the metrics of multiple applications. Q.What Does One Mean By Service Registration And Discovery ? How Is It Implemented In Spring Cloud? Ans: When we start a project, we usually have all the configurations in the properties file. As more and more services are developed and deployed, adding and modifying these properties become more complex. Some services might go down, while some the location might change. This manual changing of properties may create issues. Eureka Service Registration and Discovery helps in such scenarios. As all services are registered to the Eureka server and lookup done by calling the Eureka Server, any change in service locations need not be handled and is taken care of. Q.How Do You Setup Service Discovery? Ans: Spring Cloud support several ways to implement service discovery but for this I am going to use Eureka created by Netflix. Spring Cloud provide several annotation to make it use easy and hiding lots of complexity. Q.How Do You Access A Restful Microservice? Ans: Load Balanced RestTemplate. If there are multiple RestTemplate you get the right one. It can used to access multiple microservices. Q.How To Achieve Server Side Load Balancing Using Spring Cloud? Ans: Server side load balancing can be achieved using Netflix Zuul. Zuul is a JVM based router and server side load balancing by Netflix. It provides a single entry to our system, which allows a browser, mobile app, or other user interface to consume services from multiple hosts without managing cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) and authentication for each one. We can integrate Zuul with other Netflix projects like Hystrix for fault tolerance and Eureka for service discovery, or use it to manage routing rules, filters, and load balancing across your system. Contact for more on Microservices Online training
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Selenium Interview Questions
Q.What is Selenium? Answer: Selenium is a suite of tools for browser automation. It is composed of "IDE", a recording and playback mechanism, "WebDriver" and "RC" which provide APIs for browser automation in a wide variety of languages, and "Grid", which allows many tests using the APIs to be run in parallel. It works with most browsers, including Firefox from 3.0 up to 7, Internet Explorer 8, Google Chrome, Safari and Opera 11.5 Q.What is Automation Testing? Answer: Automation testing or Test Automation is a process of automating the manual process to test the application/system under test. Automation testing involves use to a separate testing tool which lets you create test scripts which can be executed repeatedly and doesn’t require any manual intervention. Q.What are the benefits of Automation Testing? Answer: Benefits of Automation testing are: Supports execution of repeated test cases Aids in testing a large test matrix Enables parallel execution Encourages unattended execution Improves accuracy thereby reducing human generated errors Saves time and money Q.what is Selenium and what is composed of? Answer: Selenium is a suite of tools for automated web testing. It is composed of Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) : It is a tool for recording and playing back. It is a firefox plugin WebDriver and RC: It provide the APIs for a variety of languages like Java, .NET, PHP, etc. With most of the browsers Webdriver and RC works. Grid: With the help of Grid you can distribute tests on multiple machines so that Q.What is Selenium IDE? Answer: Selenium IDE is for building Selenium test cases. It operates as a Mozilla Firefox add on and provides an easy to use interface for developing and running individual test cases or entire test suites. Selenium-IDE has a recording feature, which will keep account of user actions as they are performed and store them as a reusable script to play back. Q.What is the use of context menu in Selenium IDE? Answer: It allows the user to pick from a list of assertions and verifications for the selected location. Q.Why should Selenium be selected as a test tool? Answer: Selenium is free and open source Selenium have a large user base and helping communities Selenium have cross Browser compatibility (Firefox, chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari etc.) Selenium have great platform compatibility (Windows, Mac OS, Linux etc.) It supports multiple programming languages (Java, C#, Ruby, Python, Pearl etc.) It has fresh and regular repository developments It supports distributed testing. Q.Can tests recorded using Selenium IDE be run in other browsers? Answer: Yes. Although Selenium IDE is a Firefox add on, however, tests created in it can also be run in other browsers by using Selenium RC (Selenium Remote Control) and specifying the name of the test suite in command line. Q.What are the advantage and features of Selenium IDE? Answer: 1. Intelligent field selection will use IDs, names, or XPath as needed It is a record & playback tool and the script format can be written in various languages including C#, Java, PERL, Python, PHP, HTML Auto complete for all common Selenium commands Debug and set breakpoints Option to automatically assert the title of every page Support for Selenium user-extensions.js file Q.What are the disadvantage of Selenium IDE tool? Answer: 1. Selenium IDE tool can only be used in Mozilla Firefox browser. It is not playing multiple windows when we record it. Q.What is Selenium RC (Remote Control)? Answer: Selenium RC allows the test automation expert to use a programming language for maximum flexibility and extensibility in developing test logic. For example, if the application under test returns a result set and the automated test program needs to run tests on each element in the result set, the iteration / loop support of programming language’s can be used to iterate through the result set,calling Selenium commands to run tests on each item. Selenium RC provides an API and library for each of its supported languages. This ability to use Selenium RC with a high level programming language to develop test cases also allows the automated testing to be integrated with the project’s automated build environment. Q.How can we handle windows based pop up? Answer: Selenium is an automation testing tool which supports only web application testing, that means, it doesn’t support testing of windows based applications. However Selenium alone can’t help the situation but along with some third party intervention, this problem can be overcome. There are several third party tools available for handling window based pop ups along with the selenium like AutoIT, Robot class etc. Q.What is Selenium Grid? Answer: Selenium Grid in the selenium testing suit allows the Selenium RC solution to scale for test suites that must be run in multiple environments. Selenium Grid can be used to run multiple instances of Selenium RC on various operating system and browser configurations. Q.How Selenium Grid works? Answer: Selenium Grid sent the tests to the hub. Then tests are redirected to an available Selenium RC,which launch the browser and run the test. Thus, it allows for running tests in parallel with the entire test suite. Q.What you say about the flexibility of Selenium test suite? Answer: Selenium testing suite is highly flexible. There are multiple ways to add functionality to Selenium framework to customize test automation. As compared to other test automation tools, it is Selenium’s strongest characteristic. Selenium Remote Control support for multiple programming and scripting languages allows the test automation engineer to build any logic they need into their automated testing and to use a preferred programming or scripting language of one’s choice. Also, the Selenium testing suite is an open source project where code can be modified and enhancements can be submitted for contribution. Q.What test can Selenium do? Answer: Selenium is basically used for the functional testing of web based applications. It can be used for testing in the continuous integration environment. It is also useful for agile testing Q.What is the cost of Selenium test suite? Answer: Selenium test suite a set of open source software tool, it is free of cost. Q.What browsers are supported by Selenium Remote Control? Answer: The test automation expert can use Firefox, IE 7/8, Safari and Opera browsers to run tests in Selenium Remote Control. Q.What programming languages can you use in Selenium RC? Answer: C#, Java, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby Q.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Selenium as testing tool? Answer: Advantages: Free, Simple and powerful DOM (document object model) level testing, can be used for continuous integration; great fit with Agile projects. Disadvantages: Tricky setup; dreary errors diagnosis; can not test client server applications. Q.What is difference between QTP and Selenium? Answer: Only web applications can be testing using Selenium testing suite. However, QTP can be used for testing client server applications. Selenium supports following web browsers: Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, Opera or Konqueror on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. However, QTP is limited to Internet Explorer on Windows. QTP uses scripting language implemented on top of VB Script. However, Selenium test suite has the flexibility to use many languages like Java, .Net, Perl, PHP, Python, and Ruby. Q.What is difference between Borland Silk test and Selenium? Answer: Selenium is completely free test automation tool, while Silk Test is not. Only web applications can be testing using Selenium testing suite. However, Silk Test can be used for testing client server applications. Selenium supports following web browsers: Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, Opera or Konqueror on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. However, Silk Test is limited to Internet Explorer and Firefox. Silk Test uses 4Test scripting language. However, Selenium test suite has the flexibility to use many languages like Java, .Net, Perl, PHP, Python, and Ruby. Q.Describe technical problems that you had with Selenium tool? Answer: As with any other type of test automation tools like SilkTest, HP QTP, Watir, Canoo Webtest, Selenium allows to record, edit, and debug tests cases. However there are several problems that seriously affect maintainability of recorded test cases, occasionally Quality Assurance Engineers complain that it takes more time to maintain automated test cases than to perform manual testing; however this is an issue with all automated testing tools and most likely related to improper testing framework design. Another problem is complex ID for an HTML element. If IDs is auto-generated, the recorder test cases may fail during playback. The work around is to use XPath to find required HTML element. Selenium supports AJAX without problems, but QA Tester should be aware that Selenium does not know when AJAX action is completed, so ClickAndWait will not work. Instead QA tester could use pause, but the snowballing effect of several 'pause' commands would really slow down total testing time of test cases. The best solution would be to use waitForElement. Q.What are the testing types that can be supported by Selenium? Answer: Selenium supports the following types of testing: Functional Testing Regression Testing Q.What are the different types of waits available in WebDriver? Answer: There are two types of waits available in WebDriver: 1.Implicit Wait 2.Explicit Wait Implicit Wait: Implicit waits are used to provide a default waiting time (say 30 seconds) between each consecutive test step/command across the entire test script. Thus, subsequent test step would only execute when the 30 seconds have elapsed after executing the previous test step/command. Explicit Wait: Explicit waits are used to halt the execution till the time a particular condition is met or the maximum time has elapsed. Unlike Implicit waits, explicit waits are applied for a particular instance only. Q.What are the limitations of Selenium? Answer: Following are the limitations of Selenium: Selenium supports testing of only web based applications Mobile applications cannot be tested using Selenium Captcha and Bar code readers cannot be tested using Selenium Reports can only be generated using third party tools like TestNG or Junit. As Selenium is a free tool, thus there is no ready vendor support though the user can find numerous helping communities. User is expected to possess prior programming language knowledge. Q.When should I use Selenium IDE? Answer: Selenium IDE is the simplest and easiest of all the tools within the Selenium Package. Its record and playback feature makes it exceptionally easy to learn with minimal acquaintances to any programming language. Selenium IDE is an ideal tool for a naïve user. Q.How do I launch the browser using WebDriver? Answer: The following syntax can be used to launch Browser: WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(); WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(); Q.What is Selenese? Answer: Selenese is the language which is used to write test scripts in Selenium IDE. Q.When should I use Selenium Grid? Answer: Selenium Grid can be used to execute same or different test scripts on multiple platforms and browsers concurrently so as to achieve distributed test execution, testing under different environments and saving execution time remarkably. Q.What is an Xpath? Xpath is used to locate a web element based on its XML path. XML stands for Extensible Markup Language and is used to store, organize and transport arbitrary data. It stores data in a keyvalue pair which is very much similar to HTML tags. Both being markup languages and since they fall under the same umbrella, Xpath can be used to locate HTML elements. The fundamental behind locating elements using Xpath is the traversing between various elements across the entire page and thus enabling a user to find an element with the reference of another element. Q.How to type in a textbox using Selenium? Answer: User can use sendKeys(“String to be entered”) to enter the string in the textbox. Syntax: WebElement username = drv.findElement(By.id(“Email”)); // entering username username.sendKeys(“sth”); Q.How can you find if an element in displayed on the screen? Answer: WebDriver facilitates the user with the following methods to check the visibility of the web elements. These web elements can be buttons, drop boxes, checkboxes, radio buttons, labels etc. 1.isDisplayed() 2.isSelected() 3.isEnabled() Syntax: isDisplayed(): boolean buttonPresence = driver.findElement(By.id(“gbqfba”)).isDisplayed(); isSelected(): boolean buttonSelected =driver.findElement(By.id(“gbqfba”)).isDisplayed(); isEnabled(): boolean searchIconEnabled = driver.findElement(By.id(“gbqfb”)).isEnabled(); Q.Can you explain the phase of Automation Testing LifeCycle? Outline the potential benefits and test tool proposal Test tool evaluation and selection Steps necessary to outline automated testing to the project Identifies the test procedure standards, defines the tests, defines development standard Test plans are executed This is done throughout the lifecycle Q.What are the different types of locators in Selenium? Answer: Locator can be termed as an address that identifies a web element uniquely within the webpage. Thus, to identify web elements accurately and precisely we have different types of locators in Selenium: ID ClassName Name TagName LinkText PartialLinkText Xpath CSS Selector DOM Q.What are the different types of Drivers available in WebDriver? Answer: The different drivers available in WebDriver are: FirefoxDriver InternetExplorerDriver ChromeDriver SafariDriver OperaDriver AndroidDriver IPhoneDriver HtmlUnitDriver Q.What is difference between assert and verify commands? Assert: Assert command checks whether the given condition is true or false. Let’s say we assert whether the given element is present on the web page or not. If the condition is true then the program control will execute the next test step but if the condition is false, the execution would stop and no further test would be executed. Verify: Verify command also checks whether the given condition is true or false. Irrespective of the condition being true or false, the program execution doesn’t halts i.e. any failure during verification would not stop the execution and all the test steps would be executed. Q.What are the steps to run automation using selenium? Ans: The very basic steps are: Record the test steps using seleniumIDE. Modify the script according to the testing needs. Add validation points, Java Scripts, Timeout etc. Run the test. View the result after test run complete analyze. Q.What are the capabilities of Selenium IDE? Answer: Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) works similar to commercial tools like QTP, Silk Test and Test Partner etc. The below points describes well about Selenium IDE. Selenium IDE is a Firefox addon. Selenium IDE can support recording the clicks, typing, and other actions to make a test cases. Using Selenium IDE, a tester can play back the test cases in the Firefox browser. Selenium IDE supports exporting the test cases and suites to Selenium RC. Debugging of the test cases with stepbystep can be done. Breakpoint insertion is possible. Page abstraction functionality is supported by Selenium IDE. Selenium IDE can supports an extensibility capability allowing the use of addons or user extensions that expand the functionality of Selenium IDE Q.How to find more than one web element in the list? Answer: At times, we may come across elements of same type like multiple hyperlinks, images etc arranged in an ordered or unordered list. Thus, it makes absolute sense to deal with such elements by a single piece of code and this can be done using WebElement List. Sample Code // Storing the list List elementList = driver.findElements(By.xpath(“//div//ul//li”)); Fetching the size of the list int listSize = elementList.size(); for (int i=0; i { Clicking on each service provider link serviceProviderLinks.get(i).click(); Navigating back to the previous page that stores link to service providers driver.navigate().back(); } Q.What is the difference between driver.close() and driver.quit command? Answer: close(): WebDriver’s close() method closes the web browser window that the user is currently working on or we can also say the window that is being currently accessed by the WebDriver. The command neither requires any parameter nor does is return any value. quit(): Unlike close() method, quit() method closes down all the windows that the program has opened. Same as close() method, the command neither requires any parameter nor does is return any value. Q.How can we get a text of a web element? Answer: Get command is used to retrieve the inner text of the specified web element. The command doesn’t require any parameter but returns a string value. It is also one of the extensively used commands for verification of messages, labels, errors etc displayed on the web pages. Syntax: String Text = driver.findElement(By.id(“Text”)).getText(); What is the difference between “/” and “//” in Xpath? Single Slash “/” – Single slash is used to create Xpath with absolute path i.e. the xpath would be created to start selection from the document node/start node. Double Slash “//” – Double slash is used to create Xpath with relative path i.e. the xpath would be created to start selection from anywhere within the document. How to select value in a dropdown? Value in the drop down can be selected using WebDriver’s Select class. Syntax: SelectByValue: Select selectByValue = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_One”))); selectByValue.selectByValue(“greenvalue”); selectByVisibleText: Select selectByVisibleText = new Select (driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_Two”))); selectByVisibleText.selectByVisibleText(“Lime”); selectByIndex: Select selectByIndex = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_Three”))); selectByIndex.selectByIndex(2); Q.What are the different types of navigation commands? Answer: Following are the navigation commands: navigate().back() – The above command requires no parameters and takes back the user to the previous webpage in the web browser’s history. Sample code: driver.navigate().back(); navigate().forward() – This command lets the user to navigate to the next web page with reference to the browser’s history. Sample code: driver.navigate().forward(); navigate().refresh() – This command lets the user to refresh the current web page there by reloading all the web elements. Sample code: driver.navigate().refresh(); navigate().to() – This command lets the user to launch a new web browser window and navigate to the specified URL. Sample code: driver.navigate().to(“https://google.com”); Q.How to get title? driver.getTitle();~To Print: System.out.println( driver.getTitle()); Q.Can Selenium handle windows based pop up? Answer: Selenium is an automation testing tool which supports only web application testing. Therefore, windows pop up cannot be handled using Selenium. Q.Can WebDriver test Mobile applications? WebDriver cannot test Mobile applications. WebDriver is a web based testing tool, therefore applications on the mobile browsers can be tested. Q.How can we handle web based pop up? WebDriver offers the users with a very efficient way to handle these pop ups using Alert interface. There are the four methods that we would be using along with the Alert interface. void dismiss() The accept() method clicks on the “Cancel” button as soon as the pop up window appears. void accept() The accept() method clicks on the “Ok” button as soon as the pop up window appears. String getText() The getText() method returns the text displayed on the alert box. void sendKeys(String stringToSend) The sendKeys() method enters the specified string pattern into the alert box. Syntax: // accepting javascript alert Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert(); alert.accept(); Q.What test can Selenium do? Answer: Selenium could be used for the functional, regression, load testing of the web based applications. The automation tool could be implemented for post release validation with continuous integration tools like Jenkins, Hudson, QuickBuild or CruiseControl. Q.What is the price of Selenium license per server? Answer: Selenium is open source software, released under the Apache 2.0 license and can be downloaded and used without charge. Q.How much does Selenium license cost per client machine? Answer: Selenium is open source software, released under the Apache 2.0 license and can be downloaded and used without charge. Q.Where to download Selenium? Answer: Selenium can be downloaded and installed for free from seleniumhq.org Q.What is the latest version of Selenium components? Answer: The latest versions are Selenium IDE 1.3.0, Selenium Server (formerly the Selenium RC Server) 2.9.0, Selenium Client Drivers Java 2.9.0, Selenium Client Drivers C# 2.9.0, Selenium Client Drivers Ruby 2.8.0, Selenium Client Drivers Python 2.9, Selenium Grid 1.0.8. Q.What is Selenium IDE? Answer: Selenium IDE is a Firefox add-on that records clicks, typing, and other actions to make a test cases, which QA Tester can play back in the Firefox browser or export to Selenium RC. Selenium IDE has the following features: record/play feature, debugging with step-by-step and breakpoints, page abstraction functionality, an extensibility capability allowing the use of add-ons or user extensions that expand the functionality of Selenium IDE Q.What are the limitations of Selenium IDE? Answer: Selenium IDE has many great features and is a fruitful and well-organized test automation tool for developing test cases, in the same time Selenium IDE is missing certain vital features of a testing tool: conditional statements, loops, logging functionality, exception handling, reporting functionality, database testing, re-execution of failed tests and screenshots taking capability. Selenium IDE doesn't for IE, Safari and Opera browsers. Q.What does SIDE stand for? Ans: Selenium IDE. It was a very tricky interview question. Q.What is Selenium Remote Control (RC) tool? Answer: Selenium Remote Control (RC) is the powerful solution for test cases that need more than simple browser actions and linear execution. Selenium-RC allows the developing of complex test scenarios like reading and writing files, querying a database, and emailing test reports. These tasks can be achieved by tweaking test cases in your preferred programming language. Q.What are the advantages using Selenium as testing tool? Answer: If QA Tester would compare Selenium with HP QTP or Micro Focus SilkTest, QA Engineer would easily notice tremendous cost savings for Selenium. In contrast to expensive SilkTest license or QTP license, Selenium automation tool is absolutely free. It means that with almost no investment in purchasing tools, QA Team could easily build the state of the art test automation infrastructure. Selenium allows developing and executing test cases in various programming languages including .NET, Java, Perl, RubyPython, PHP and even HTML. This is a great Selenium advantage, most likely your software developers already know how to develop and maintain C# or Java code, so they transfer coding techniques and best practices to QA team. Selenium allows simple and powerful DOM-level testing and in the same time could be used for testing in the traditional waterfall or modern Agile environments. Selenium would be definitely a great fit for the continuous integration tools Jenkins, Hudson, CruiseControl, because it could be installed on the server testing box, and controlled remotely from continuous integration build. Q.What is Selenium Grid? Answer: Selenium Grid extends Selenium RC to distribute your tests across multiple servers, saving you time by running tests in parallel. Q.What is Selenium WebDriver? Answer: Selenium WebDriver is a tool for writing automated tests of websites. It is an API name and aims to mimic the behaviour of a real user, and as such interacts with the HTML of the application. Selenium WebDriver is the successor of Selenium Remote Control which has been officially deprecated. Q.How many browsers are supported by Selenium IDE? Answer: Test Engineer can record and playback test with Selenium IDE in Firefox. Q.Can Selenium test an application on iPhone's Mobile Safari browser? Answer: Selenium should be able to handle Mobile Safari browser. There is experimental Selenium IPhone Driver for running tests on Mobile Safari on the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch. Q.Can Selenium test an application on Android browser? Answer: Selenium should be able to handle Android browser. There is experimental Selenium Android Driver for running tests in Android browser. Q.What are the disadvantages of using Selenium as testing tool? Answer: Selenium weak points are tricky setup; dreary errors diagnosis; tests only web applications Q.How many browsers are supported by Selenium Remote Control? Answer: QA Engineer can use Firefox 7, IE 8, Safari 5 and Opera 11.5 browsers to run actuall tests in Selenium RC. Q.How many programming languages can you use in Selenium RC? Answer: Several programming languages are supported by Selenium Remote Control - C# Java Perl PHP Python Ruby Q.How many testing framework can QA Tester use in Selenium RC? Answer: Testing frameworks aren't required, but they can be helpful if QA Tester wants to automate test cases. Selenium RC supports Bromine, JUnit, NUnit, RSpec (Ruby), Test::Unit (Ruby), TestNG (Java), unittest (Python). Q.How to developer Selenium Test Cases? Answer: Using the Selenium IDE, QA Tester can record a test to comprehend the syntax of Selenium IDE commands, or to check the basic syntax for a specific type of user interface. Keep in mind that Selenium IDE recorder is not clever as QA Testers want it to be. Quality assurance team should never consider Selenium IDE as a "record, save, and run it" tool, all the time anticipate reworking a recorded test cases to make them maintainable in the future. Q.What programming language is best for writing Selenium tests? Answer: The web applications may be written in Java, Ruby, PHP, Python or any other web framework. There are certain advantages for using the same language for writing test cases as application under test. For example, if the team already have the experience with Java, QA Tester could always get the piece of advice while mastering Selenium test cases in Java. Sometimes it is better to choose simpler programming language that will ultimately deliver better success. In this case QA testers can adopt easier programming languages, for example Ruby, much faster comparing with Java, and can become become experts as soon as possible. Q.Compare HP QTP vs Selenium? Answer: When QA team considers acquiring test automation to assist in testing, one of the most critical decisions is what technologies or tools to use to automate the testing. The most obvious approach will be to look to the software market and evaluate a few test automation tools. Q.How to test Ajax application with Selenium Answer: Ajax interview questions could be tough for newbie in the test automation, but will be easily cracked by Selenium Tester with a relevant experience. Read the detailed approach at Testing Ajax applications with Selenium in the right way Q.What are the technical challenges with selenium? Answer: As you know Selenium is a free ware open source testing tool. There are many challenges with Selenium. Selenium Supports only web based applications It doesn’t support any non web based (Like Win 32, Java Applet, Java Swing, .Net Client Server etc) applications When you compare selenium with QTP, Silk Test, Test Partner and RFT, there are many challenges in terms of maintainability of the test cases Since Selenium is a freeware tool, there is no direct support if one is in trouble with the support of applications There is no object repository concept in Selenium, so maintainability of the objects is very high There are many challenges if one have to interact with Win 32 windows even when you are working with Web based applications Bitmap comparison is not supported by Selenium Any reporting related capabilities, you need to depend on third party tools You need to learn any one of the native language like (.Net, Java, Perl, Python, PHP, Ruby) to work efficiently with the scripting side of selenium Q.What are the test types supported by Selenium? Answer: Selenium could be used for testing the web based applications. The test types can be supported are: functional, regression, load testing The automation tool could be implemented for post release validation with continuous integration tools like: Jenkins, Hudson, QuickBuild CruiseCont Q.What are the capabilities of Selenium IDE? Answer: Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) works similar to commercial tools like QTP, Silk Test and Test Partner etc. The below mentioned points describes well about Selenium IDE. Selenium IDE is a Firefox add-on. Selenium IDE can support recording the clicks, typing, and other actions to make a test cases. Using Selenium IDE A Tester can play back the test cases in the Firefox browser Selenium IDE supports exporting the test cases and suites to Selenium RC. Debugging of the test cases with step-by-step can be done breakpoint insertion is possible Page abstraction functionality is supported by Selenium IDE Selenium IDE can supports an extensibility capability allowing the use of add-ons or user extensions that expand the functionality of Selenium IDE Selenium Interview Questions Selenium Interview Questions and Answers Q.How to execute a single line command from Selenium IDE? Answer: Single line command from Selenium IDE can be executed in two ways Right click on the command in Selenium IDE and select "Execute This Command" Select the command in Selenium IDE and press "X" key on the keyboard How to insert a start point in Selenium IDE? Start point Selenium IDE can be set in two ways Right click on the command in Selenium IDE and select "Set / Clear Start Point" Select the command in Selenium IDE and press "S" key on the keyboard You can have only one start point If you have already set one start point and you selected other command as start point. Then the first start point will be removed and the new start point will be set Right click on the command in Selenium IDE and select "Inert New Comment" If you want to comment an existing line. You need to follow the below mentioned steps. Select the source tab in IDE Select the line which you want to comment Assume that if you want to comment a open command you need to write like below mentioned code Q.How to click on a hyper link using linkText? Answer: driver.findElement(By.linkText(“Google”)).click(); The command finds the element using link text and then click on that element and thus the user would be redirected to the corresponding page. The above mentioned link can also be accessed by using the following command. driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText(“Goo”)).click(); The above command find the element based on the substring of the link provided in the parenthesis and thus partialLinkText() finds the web element with the specified substring and then clicks on it. Q.How to assert title of the web page? //verify the title of the web page assertTrue(“The title of the window is incorrect.”,driver.getTitle().equals(“Title of the page”)); Q.What is a framework? Answer: Framework is a constructive blend of various guidelines, coding standards, concepts, processes, practices, project hierarchies, modularity, reporting mechanism, test data injections etc. to pillar automation testing. Q.How to handle frame in WebDriver? Answer: An inline frame acronym as iframe is used to insert another document with in the current HTML document or simply a web page into a web page by enabling nesting. Select iframe by id driver.switchTo().frame(“ID of the frame“); Locating iframe using tagName driver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElements(By.tagName(“iframe”).get(0)); Locating iframe using index frame(index) driver.switchTo().frame(0); frame(Name of Frame) driver.switchTo().frame(“name of the frame”); Q.When do we use findElement() and findElements()? Answer: findElement(): findElement() is used to find the first element in the current web page matching to the specified locator value. Take a note that only first matching element would be fetched. Syntax: WebElement element = driver.findElements(By.xpath(“//div//ul//li”)); findElements(): findElements() is used to find all the elements in the current web page matching to the specified locator value. Take a note that all the matching elements would be fetched and stored in the list of WebElements. Syntax: List elementList = driver.findElements(By.xpath(“//div//ul//li”)); Q.What are the advantages of Automation framework? Answer: Advantage of Test Automation framework Reusability of code Maximum coverage Recovery scenario Low cost maintenance Minimal manual intervention Easy Reporting Q.How can I read test data from excels? Answer: Test data can efficiently be read from excel using JXL or POI API Q.Explain how Selenium Grid works? Answer: Selenium Grid sent the tests to the hub. These tests are redirected to Selenium Webdriver, which launch the browser and run the test. With entire test suite, it allows for running tests in parallel. Q.How to mouse hover on a web element using WebDriver? Answer: WebDriver offers a wide range of interaction utilities that the user can exploit to automate mouse and keyboard events. Action Interface is one such utility which simulates the single user interactions. Q.Can captcha be automated? Answer: No, captcha and bar code reader cannot be automated. Q.Explain what is assertion in Selenium and what are the types of assertion? Answer: Assertion is used as a verification point. It verifies that the state of the application conforms to what is expected. The types of assertion are “assert” , “verify” and “waifFor”.. Q.While using click command can you use screen coordinate? Answer: To click on specific part of element, you would need to use clickAT command. ClickAt command accepts element locator and x, y coordinates as arguments clickAt (locator, cordString) Q.How to retrieve css properties of an element? Answer: The values of the css properties can be retrieved using a get() method: Syntax: driver.findElement(By.id(“id“)).getCssValue(“name of css attribute”); driver.findElement(By.id(“id“)).getCssValue(“fontsize”); Q.How to capture screen shot in WebDriver? Answer: import org.junit.After; import org.junit.Before; import org.junit.Test; import java.io.File; import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils; import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType; import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot; import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver; public class CaptureScreenshot { WebDriver driver; @Before public void setUp() throws Exception { driver = new FirefoxDriver(); driver.get(“https://google.com”); } @After public void tearDown() throws Exception { driver.quit(); } @Test public void test() throws IOException { // Code to capture the screenshot File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE); // Code to copy the screenshot in the desired location FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(“C:\\CaptureScreenshot\\google.jpg”)); } } Q.What is the difference between type keys and type commands ? Answer: TypeKeys() will trigger JavaScript event in most of the cases whereas .type() won’t. Type key populates the value attribute using JavaScript whereas .typekeys() emulates like actual user typing Q.What is the difference between setSpeed() and sleep() methods? Both will delay the speed of execution. Answer: Thread.sleep () : It will stop the current (java) thread for the specified period of time. Its done only once It takes a single argument in integer format Ex: thread.sleep(2000) It will wait for 2 seconds It waits only once at the command given at sleep SetSpeed () : For specific amount of time it will stop the execution for every selenium command. It takes a single argument in integer format Ex: selenium.setSpeed(“2000”) It will wait for 2 seconds Runs each command after setSpeed delay by the number of milliseconds mentioned in set Speed This command is useful for demonstration purpose or if you are using a slow web application Q.What is same origin policy? How you can avoid same origin policy? Answer: The “Same Origin Policy” is introduced for security reason, and it ensures that content of your site will never be accessible by a script from another site. As per the policy, any code loaded within the browser can only operate within that website’s domain. To avoid “Same Origin Policy” proxy injection method is used, in proxy injection mode the Selenium Server acts as a client configured HTTP proxy , which sits between the browser and application under test and then masks the AUT under a fictional URL Q.What is Object Repository? How can we create Object Repository in Selenium? Answer: Object Repository is a term used to refer to the collection of web elements belonging to Application Under Test (AUT) along with their locator values. Thus, whenever the element is required within the script, the locator value can be populated from the Object Repository. Object Repository is used to store locators in a centralized location instead of hard coding them within the scripts. In Selenium, objects can be stored in an excel sheet which can be populated inside the script whenever required. Q.What is Selenium and what is composed of? Answer: Selenium is a suite of tools for automated web testing. It is composed of Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) : It is a tool for recording and playing back. It is a firefox plugin WebDriver and RC: It provide the APIs for a variety of languages like Java, .NET, PHP, etc. With most of the browsers Webdriver and RC works. Grid: With the help of Grid you can distribute tests on multiple machines so that test can be run parallel which helps in cutting down the time required for running in browser test suites Q.How to insert a comment in Selenium IDE? Answer: Comments in Selenium IDE can be set in two ways Right click on the command in Selenium IDE and select "Inert New Comment" If you want to comment an existing line. You need to follow the below mentioned steps. Select the source tab in IDE Select the line which you want to comment Assume that if you want to comment a open command you need to write like below mentioned code Q.How to insert a break point in Selenium IDE? Answer: Break point can be set in two ways in Selenium IDE Right click on the command in Selenium IDE and select "Toggle Break Point" Select the command in Selenium IDE and press "B" key on the keyboard If you want to clear the break point once again Spress "B" key on the keyboard You can set multiple break points in Selenium IDE Q.How to debug the tests in Selenium IDE? Answer: To debug or execute the test cases line by line. Follow the below mentioned steps Insert a break point (see the question to know more How to insert a break point in Selenium IDE? )from the location where you want to execute step by step Run the test case execution will be paused at the given break point Click on the step (Blue) button to continue with the next statement Click on Run button, to continue executing all the commands at a time Q.How to export the tests from Selenium IDE to Selenium RC in different languages? Answer: From selenium IDE the test cases can be exported into the languages .Net, Java, Perl, Python, PHP, Ruby The below mentioned steps can explain how to export the test cases Open the test case from Selenium IDE Select File -> Export Test Case As How to export Selenium IDE Test Suite to Selenium RC Suites? From selenium IDE the test suites can be exported into the languages as mentioned below .Net, Java, Perl, Python, PHP, Ruby The below mentioned steps can explain how to export the test suites Open the test case from Selenium IDE Select File -> Export Test Suite As Q.Which is the command used for displaying the values of a variable into the output console or log? Answer: The command used for displaying the values of a variable into the output console or log – echo If you want to display a constant string. The below mentioned command can be used echo ex: echo "The sample message" If you want to display the value of a variable it can be written like below echo ${> ex: echo ${var1} Note: Here var1 is the variable Q.Which are the browsers supported by Selenium RC? Ans: Supported browsers for Selenium RC include: *firefox *mock *firefoxproxy *pifirefox *chrome *iexploreproxy *iexplore *firefox3 *safariproxy *googlechrome *konqueror *firefox2 *safari *piiexplore *firefoxchrome *opera *iehta *custom Note: Any third party browser is supported with *custom followed by the complete path of the browser with executable Q.Which are the Operating Systems supported by Selenium? Answer: Selenium IDE Works in Firefox 2+ Start browser, run tests Run tests Operating Systems Supported: Windows, OS X Linux Solaris Others whichever supports Firefox 2+ Selenium Remote Control Used for starting browser and run tests Operating Systems Supported: Windows, OS X Linux Solaris Others Selenium Core Used for running tests Operating Systems Supported: Windows, OS X Linux Solaris Others Q.What is Selenium RC? Answer: Selenium-RC is the solution for tests that need a little more than just simple browser actions and a linear execution. Selenium-RC leverages the full power of programming languages, creating tests that can do things like read and write external files, make queries to a database, send emails with test reports, and practically anything else a user can do with a normal application. You will want to use Selenium-RC whenever your test requires logic not supported by running a script from Selenium-IDE Q.Why Selenium RC is used? Answer: Selenium-IDE does not directly support: condition statements iteration logging and reporting of test results error handling, particularly unexpected errors database testing test case grouping re-execution of failed tests test case dependency capture screenshots on test failures The reason behind why Selenium-IDE does not support the above mentioned requirements is IDE supports only HTML language. Using HTML language we cannot achieve the above mentioned requirements. Because HTML does not support conditional, looping and external source connectives.To overcome the above mentioned problems Selenium RC is used. Since Selenium RC supports the languages .Net, Java, Perl, Python, PHP, and Ruby. In these languages we can write the programme to achieve the IDE issues Q.What is Selenium WebDriver or Google WebDriver or Selenium 2.0? Answer: WebDriver uses a different underlying framework from Selenium’s javascript Selenium-Core. It also provides an alternative API with functionality not supported in Selenium-RC. WebDriver does not depend on a javascript core embedded within the browser, therefore it is able to avoid some long-running Selenium limitations. WebDriver’s goal is to provide an API that establishes A well-designed standard programming interface for web-app testing. Improved consistency between browsers. Additional functionality addressing testing problems not well-supported in Selenium 1.0. The Selenium developers strive to continuously improve Selenium. Integrating WebDriver is another step in that process. The developers of Selenium and of WebDriver felt they could make significant gains for the Open Source testautomation community be combining forces and merging their ideas and technologies. Integrating WebDriver intoSelenium is the current result of those efforts. Q.What are the capabilities of Selenium WebDriver or Google WebDriver or Selenium 2.0? Answer: One should use WebDriver when requiring improved support for Mult-browser testing including improved functionality for browsers not well-supported by Selenium-1.0. Handling multiple frames, multiple browser windows, popups, and alerts. Page navigation. Drag-and-drop. AJAX-based UI elements. underlying framework from Selenium’s javascript Selenium-Core. It also provides an alternative API with functionality not supported in Selenium-RC. WebDriver does not depend on a javascript core embedded within the browser, therefore it is able to avoid some long-running Selenium limitations. WebDriver’s goal is to provide an API that establishes A well-designed standard programming interface for web-app testing. Improved consistency between browsers. Additional functionality addressing testing problems not well-supported in Selenium 1.0. The Selenium developers strive to continuously improve Selenium. Integrating WebDriver is another step in that process. The developers of Selenium and of WebDriver felt they could make significant gains for the Open Source testautomation community be combining forces and merging their ideas and technologies. Integrating WebDriver intoSelenium is the current result of those efforts. Q.What is the architecture of Selenium Grid? Answer: The below mentioned theory explains about the setup of Selenium Grid with architecture and how it works. Selenium Grid builds on the traditional Selenium setup, taking advantage of the following properties: * The Selenium test, the application under test, and the remote control/browser pair do not have to be co-located. They communicate through HTTP, so they can all live on different machines. * The Selenium tests and the web application under test are obviously specific to a particular project. Nevertheless, neither the Selenium remote control nor the browser is tied to a specific application. As a matter of fact, they provide a capacity that can easily be shared by multiple applications and multiple projects. Consequently, if only we could build a distributed grid of Selenium Remote Controls, we could easily share it across builds, applications, projects - even potentially across organizations. Of course we would also need to address the scalability issues as described earlier when covering the traditional Selenium setup. This is why we need a component in charge of: * Allocating a Selenium Remote Control to a specific test (transparently) * Limiting the number of concurrent test runs on each Remote Control * Shielding the tests from the actual grid infrastructure Selenium Grid calls this component the Selenium Hub. * The Hub exposes an external interface that is exactly the same as the one of a traditional Remote Control. This means that a test suite can transparently target a regular Remote Control or a Selenium Hub with no code change. It just needs to target a different IP address. This is important as it shields the tests from the gridinfrastructure (which you can scale transparently). This also makes the developer’s life easier. The same test can be run locally on a developer machine, or run on a heavy duty distributed grid as part of a build – without ever changing a line of code. * The Hub allocates Selenium Remote Controls to each test. The Hub is also in charge of routing the Selenese requests from the tests to the appropriate Remote Control as well as keeping track of testing sessions. * When a new test starts, the Hub puts its first request on hold if there is no available Remote Control in the grid providing the appropriate capabilities. As soon as a suitable Remote Control becomes available, the Hub will serve the request. For the whole time, the tests do not have to be aware of what is happening within the grid; it is just waiting for an HTTP response to come back. Q.Does Selenium support mobile internet testing? Answer: Selenium supports Opera. And opera is used in most of the Smart phones. So whichever Smart phone supports opera, selenium can be used to test. So, one can use Selenium RC to run the tests on mobiles. For more details on supported browsers of Selenium Which are the browsers supported by Selenium RC? Q.Does Selenium support Google Android Operating System? Answer: Yes, Selenium Web Driver or Google Web Driver or Selenium 2.0 supports Android Operating System. There are several libraries written to support Android Operating System. Fri, 07/15/2011 - 04:35 — Visitor selenium android driver testing try this .... this is cool ... ;) public class OneTest extends TestCase { public void testGoogle() throws Exception { AndroidDriver driver = new AndroidDriver(); // And now use this to visit Google driver.get("http://google.com"); Thread.sleep(15000); // Find the text input element by its name WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("q")); // Enter something to search for element.sendKeys("hotmail"); //driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys("niloy.cit"); // Now submit the form. WebDriver will find the form for us from the element element.submit(); //driver.findElement(By.name("btnG")).click(); // Check the title of the page System.out.println("Page title is: " + driver.getTitle()); driver.quit(); } } Q.What are the types of text patterns available in Selenium? Answer: There are three types of patterns available in Selenium globbing regular expressions exact Q.How to use regular expressions in Selenium? Answer: Regular expressions in Selenium IDE can be used with the keyword - regexp: as a prefix to the value and patterns needs to be included for the expected values. For example if you want to use the regular expression for a command Command: verifyText Target: //font/font/b/font Value: Flight Confirmation # 2011-05-02451 in the above example Flight Confirmation is continuously changing each time you run the test case. So this can be written with a regular expression as mentioned below Command: verifyText Target: //font/font/b/font Value: regexp:Flight Confirmation # {4}-{2}-{5,10} Q.What are the regular expression patterns available in Selenium? Answer: Selenium regular expression patterns offer the same wide array of special characters that exist in JavaScript. Below are a subset of those special characters PATTERN MATCH . any single character character class: any single character that appears inside the brackets * quantifier: 0 or more of the preceding character (or group) + quantifier: 1 or more of the preceding character (or group) ? quantifier: 0 or 1 of the preceding character (or group) {1,5} quantifier: 1 through 5 of the preceding character (or group) | alternation: the character/group on the left or the character/group on the right ( ) grouping: often used with alternation and/or quantifier Q.What is Selenese? Answer: Selenium set of commands which are used for running the test are called as Selenese. There are three types of Selenese, those are: Actions - used for performing the operations and interactions with the target elements Assertions - used as check points Accessors - used for storing the values in a variable Q.How do you add check points or verification points in Selenium? Answer: check points or verification points are known as Assertions in Selenium. The keywords with below mentioned prefix will be used for adding check points or verification points. verify assert waitFor Q.What is Assertion in Selenium? Answer: Assertion is nothing but a check or verification point. Assertion verifies the state of the application conforms to what is expected. Examples include “make sure the page title is X” and “verify that this checkbox is checked. Q.What are the types of Assertions there in Selenium? Answer: Selenium Assertions can be used in 3 modes: 1) assert - When an “assert” fails, the test will be aborted. If you are executing test suite, the next state case will start 2) verify - When a “verify” fails, the test will continue execution, logging the failure. 3) waitFor - “waitFor” commands wait for some condition to become true (which can be useful for testing Ajaxapplications). They will succeed immediately if the condition is already true. However, they will fail and halt the test if the condition does not become true within the current timeout setting Q.When to use Assert, Verify and WaitFor in Selenium? Answer: 1) assert - If the expected value is mandatory to continue with the next set of steps we will use Assert. As Assert aborts the test, if the expected value doesn't match. It is good to use for any mandatory checks. 2) verify - If the expected value is optional to continue with the next set of steps we will use Verify. As Verify continues executing with the next set of steps, if the expected value doesn't match. It is good to use for any optional checks. 3) waitFor - If your test needs to wait, if the expected value is not matching we use waitFor. We normally use waitFor for AJAX kind of controls loading within a page Q.What is an Accessor in Selenium? Answer: Accessor is one of the type of Selenese. Accessors are used for storing the value of a target in a variable. Ex: 1) storeTitle - Stores the title of a window in a variable 2) storeText - Stores the target element text in a variable Accessors are also used for evaluating the result and storing the result in a variable Ex: storeTextPresent - Evaluates whether the text is present in the current window. If the text is present stores true in the variable else stores false Ex: storeEementPresent - Evaluates whether the element is present in the current window. If the element is present stores true in the variable else stores false Q.When to use Accessors in Selenium? Answer: Accessors are mostly used for storing the value in a variable. The variable can be used for following reasons: 1) To get the value from an element and comparing with some dynamic value 2) To take a logical decision to execute the test steps ex: if the value of the variable true execute step1 and step2 else step3 and step4 3) To execute some statements in a loop based on the value returned by the element Q.How to capture bitmaps in Selenium? Answer: Bitmaps are captured using the Selenium set of commands. There are two modes of capturing the bitmaps 1) Capture the bitmap for the entire page - it captures the browser main page area of AUT 2) Capture the bitmap for the screen shots - it captures the entire screen shot like the print scree that you give from your keyboard Selenium doesn't support bitmap capturing for an element on AUT. Q.Which are the commands used for capturing the bitmaps? Answer: captureEntirePageScreenshot Saves the entire contents of the current window canvas to a PNG file. Contrast this with the captureScreenshot command, which captures the contents of the OS viewport (i.e. whatever is currently being displayed on the monitor), and is implemented in the RC only. Currently this only works in Firefox when running in chrome mode, and in IE non-HTA using the EXPERIMENTAL "Snapsie" utility. The Firefox implementation is mostly borrowed from the Screengrab! Firefox extension. Please see captureEntirePageScreenshot for more details captureEntirePageScreenshotAndWait Saves the entire contents of the current window canvas to a PNG file. Contrast this with the captureScreenshot command, which captures the contents of the OS viewport (i.e. whatever is currently being displayed on the monitor), and is implemented in the RC only. Currently this only works in Firefox when running in chrome mode, and in IE non-HTA using the EXPERIMENTAL "Snapsie" utility. The Firefox implementation is mostly borrowed from the Screengrab! Firefox extension. Please see captureEntirePageScreenshotAndWait for details. Note: This command runs with only mozilla firefox when you run the tests from RC. Other browsers it will not support Q.What is the difference between captureEntirePageScreenshot and CaptureScreenShot? Answer: captureEntirePageScreenshot This captures the AUT web page only This supports only mozilla firefox Accepts two arguments. one is the file name to be saved and other argument is back ground color CaptureScreenShot This captures the System screen shot This supports all the browsers when you run from Selenium RC Accepts one argument. That is the file name to be saved. Q.What are the limitations of Selenium IDE? Answer: The limitations of Selenium IDE are: 1) Selenium IDE uses only HTML language 2) Conditional or branching statements execution like using of if, select statements is not possible 3) Looping statements using is not possible directly in Selenium HTML language in ide 4) Reading from external files like .txt, .xls is not possible 5) Reading from the external databases is not possible with ide 6) Exceptional handling is not there 7) A neat formatted Reporting is not possible with ide To eliminate the above issues we use Selenium RC Q.What is heightened privileges browsers? Answer: The purpose of heightened privileges is similar to Proxy Injection, allows websites to do something that are not commonly permitted. The key difference is that the browsers are launced in a special mode called heightened privileges. By using these browser mode, Selenium core can open the AUT directly and also read/write its content without passing the whole AUT through the Selenium RC server Q.Why testers should opt for Selenium and not QTP? Answer: Selenium is more popular than QTP as Selenium is an open source whereas QTP is a commercial tool Selenium is used specially for testing web based applications while QTP can be used for testing client server application also Selenium supports Firefox, IE, Opera, Safari on operating systems like Windows, Mac, linux etc. however QTP is limited to Internet Explorer on Windows. Selenium supports many programming languages like Ruby, Perl, Python whereas QTP supports only VB script Q.What are the four parameter you have to pass in Selenium? Answer: Four parameters that you have to pass in Selenium are Host Port Number Browser URL Q.How you can use “submit” a form using Selenium ? You can use “submit” method on element to submit form element.submit () ; Alternatively you can use click method on the element which does form submission Selenium IDE captures 3 options? Command, Target, Value Q.Mention what is the difference between Implicit wait and Explicit wait? Answer: Implicit Wait:Sets a timeout for all successive Web Element searches. For the specified amount of time it will try looking for element again and again before throwing a NoSuchElementException. It waits for elements to show up. Explicit Wait : It is a onetimer, used for a particular search./p> Q.What is Object Repository ? Answer: An object repository is an essential entity in any UI automations which allows a tester to store all object that will be used in the scripts in one or more centralized locations rather than scattered all over the test scripts. Q.Explain how to assert text of webpage using selenium 2.0 ? Answer: WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.id(“ElementID”)) //get test from element and stored in text variable String text = el.getText(); //assert text from expected Assert.assertEquals(“Element Text”, text); Q.Can we use Selenium grid for performance testing? Answer: Yes. But not as effectively as a dedicated performance testing tool like Loadrunner. Q.Can Selenium test an application on Android browser? Answer: Selenium can handle Android browser. Q.Which browsers does WebDriver support? Answer: The existing drivers are the ChromeDriver, InternetExplorerDriver, FirefoxDriver, OperaDriver and HtmlUnitDriver. For more information about each of these, including their relative strengths and weaknesses, please follow the links to the relevant pages. There is also support for mobile testing via the AndroidDriver, OperaMobileDriver and IPhoneDriver Q.What tests can selenium do? Answer: Selenium could do functional, regression, and load of web based applications.p> Q.Which attribute you should consider throughout the script in frame for “if no frame Id as well as no frame name”? Answer: You can use…..driver.findElements(By.xpath(“//iframe”))…. This will return list of frames. You will ned to switch to each and every frame and search for locator which we want. Then break the loop Q.How do I execute Javascript directly? Answer: We believe that most of the time there is a requirement to execute Javascript there is a failing in the tool being used: it hasn’t emitted the correct events, has not interacted with a page correctly, or has failed to react when an XmlHttpRequest returns. We would rather fix WebDriver to work consistently and correctly than rely on testers working out which Javascript method to call We also realise that there will be times when this is a limitation. As a result, for those browsers that support it, you can execute Javascript by casting the WebDriver instance to a JavascriptExecutor. In Java, this looks like: WebDriver driver; // Assigned elsewhere JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver; js.executeScript(“return document.title”); Other language bindings will follow a similar approach. Take a look at the UsingJavascript page for more information. Q.My XPath finds elements in one browser, but not in others. Why is this? Answer: The short answer is that each supported browser handles XPath slightly differently, and you’re probably running into one of these differences. The long answer is on the XpathInWebDriver page.. Q.Explain what is the difference between find elements () and find element () ? Answer: find element (): It finds the first element within the current page using the given “locating mechanism”. It returns a single WebElement findElements () : Using the given “locating mechanism” find all the elements within the current page. It returns a list of web elements. Q.Explain what are the JUnits annotation linked with Selenium? Answer: The JUnits annotation linked with Selenium are @Before public void method() – It will perform the method () before each test, this method can prepare the test @Test public void method() – Annotations @Test identifies that this method is a test method environment @After public void method() To execute a method before this annotation is used, test method must start with test@Before Q.Why is my Javascript execution always returning null? Answer: ou need to return from your javascript snippet to return a value, so: js.executeScript(“document.title”); will return null, but: js.executeScript(“return document.title”); will return the title of the document. Q.Can Selenium test a application on iPhone’s Mobile Safari browser? Answer: Selenium can handle Mobile Safari browser. There is experimental Selenium IPhone Driver for running tests on Mobile with Safari on the iPhone and iPad and iPod Touch. Q.Explain what is Datadriven framework and Keyword driven? Answer: Datadriven framework: In this framework, the test data is separated and kept outside the Test Scripts, while test case logic resides in Test Scripts. Test data is read from the external files ( Excel Files) and are loaded into the variables inside the Test Script. Variables are used for both for input values and for verification values. Keyworddriven framework: The keyword driven frameworks requires the development of data tables and keywords, independent of the test automation. In a keyword driven test, the functionality of the application under test is documented in a table as well as step by step instructions for each test. Q.What are the features of TestNG and list some of the functionality in TestNG which makes it more effective? Answer: TestNG is a testing framework based on JUnit and NUnit to simplify a broad range of testing needs, from unit testing to integration testing. And the functionality which makes it efficient testing framework are Support for annotations Support for datadriven testing Flexible test configuration Ability to reexecute failed test cases Q.Explain how you can login into any site if it’s showing any authentication popup for password and username? Answer: Pass the username and password with url Syntax http://username:password@url ex http://creyate:abc@www.gmail.com Q.What is the selenium’s recording language? Answer: Selenium’s recording language is “HTML”. Q.What does it mean to be “developer focused”? Answer: We believe that within a software application’s development team, the people who are best placed to build the tools that everyone else can use are the developers. Although it should be easy to use WebDriver directly, it should also be easy to use it as a building block for more sophisticated tools. Because of this, WebDriver has a small API that’s easy to explore by hitting the “autocomplete” button in your favorite IDE, and aims to work consistently no matter which browser implementation you use. contact for more on Selenium Online Training
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Testing Tools Interview Questions
Q.What is Software Development Life Cycle? Answer: The systems (or software) development life cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in an information system development project, from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application. It includes the following different stages: 1. Requirement phase 2. Design phase 3. Coding (programming) 4. Testing 5. Release (Production) 6. Maintenance (Support) Q.What is Business Requirement Document (BRD)? Ans: It is a document that describes the details of the application functionalities which is required by the user. This document is written by the Business Analysts. Q.What automating testing tools are you familiar with? Answer: Win Runner , Load runner, QTP , Silk Performer, Test director, Rational robot, QA run. Q.How did you use automating testing tools in your job? Answer: 1. For regression testing Criteria to decide the condition of a particular build Q.Describe some problem that you had with automating testing tool. Answer :The problem of winrunner identifying the third party controls like infragistics control. Q.How do you plan test automation? Answer : 1. Prepare the automation Test plan Identify the scenario Record the scenario Enhance the scripts by inserting check points and Conditional Loops Incorporated Error Handler Debug the script Fix the issue Rerun the script and report the result. Q.Can test automation improve test effectiveness? Answer: Yes, Automating a test makes the test process: 1.Fast 2.Reliable 3.Repeatable 4.Programmable 5.Reusable 6.Comprehensive Q.What is data - driven automation? Answer: Testing the functionality with more test cases becomes laborious as the functionality grows. For multiple sets of data (test cases), you can execute the test once in which you can figure out for which data it has failed and for which data, the test has passed. This feature is available in the WinRunner with the data driven test where the data can be taken from an excel sheet or notepad. Q.What are the main attributes of test automation? Answer: software test automation attributes : Maintainability - the effort needed to update the test automation suites for each new release Reliability - the accuracy and repeatability of the test automation Flexibility - the ease of working with all the different kinds of automation test ware Efficiency - the total cost related to the effort needed for the automation Portability - the ability of the automated test to run on different environments Robustness - the effectiveness of automation on an unstable or rapidly changing system Usability - the extent to which automation can be used by different types of users Q.Does automation replace manual testing? Answer: There can be some functionality which cannot be tested in an automated tool so we may have to do it manually. therefore manual testing can never be repleaced. (We can write the scripts for negative testing also but it is hectic task).When we talk about real environment we do negative testing manually. Q.How will you choose a tool for test automation? Answer: choosing of a tool depends on many things ... Application to be tested Test environment Scope and limitation of the tool. Feature of the tool. Cost of the tool. Whether the tool is compatible with your application which means tool should be able to interact with your application Ease of use Q.How you will evaluate the tool for test automation? Answer: We need to concentrate on the features of the tools and how this could be beneficial for our project. The additional new features and the enhancements of the features will also help. Q.What are main benefits of test automation? Answer: FAST ,RELIABLE,COMPREHENSIVE,REUSABLE Q.What could go wrong with test automation? Answer: 1. The choice of automation tool for certain technologies Wrong set of test automated Q.How you will describe testing activities? Answer: Testing activities start from the elaboration phase. The various testing activities are preparing the test plan, Preparing test cases, Execute the test case, Log teh bug, validate the bug & take appropriate action for the bug, Automate the test cases. Q.What testing activities you may want to automate? Answer: Automate all the high priority test cases which needs to be exceuted as a part of regression testing for each build cycle. Q.Describe common problems of test automation. Answer: The common problems are: Maintenance of the old script when there is a feature change or enhancement The change in technology of the application will affect the old scripts Q.What types of scripting techniques for test automation do you know? Answer: 5 types of scripting techniques: Linear Structured Shared Data Driven Key Driven Q.What are principles of good testing scripts for automation? Answer: 1. Proper code guiding standards Standard format for defining functions, exception handler etc Comments for functions Proper error handling mechanisms The appropriate synchronization techniques Q.What tools are available for support of testing during software development life cycle? Answer: Testing tools for regression and load/stress testing for regression testing like, QTP, load runner, rational robot, winrunner, silk, testcomplete, Astra are available in the market. -For defect tracking BugZilla, Test Runner are available. Q.Can the activities of test case design be automated? Answer: As I know it, test case design is about formulating the steps to be carried out to verify something about the application under test. And this cannot be automated. IHowever, I agree that the process of putting the test results into the excel sheet. Q.What are the limitations of automating software testing? Answer: Hard-to-create environments like ?out of memory?, ?invalid input/reply?, and ?corrupt registry entries? make applications behave poorly and existing automated tools can?t force these condition - they simply test your application in ?normal? environment. Q.What skills needed to be a good test automator? Answer: 1.Good Logic for programming. 2.Analatical sklls. 3.Pessimestic in Nature. Q.How to find that tools work well with your existing system? Answer: 1. Discuss with the support officials Download the trial version of the tool and evaluate Get suggestions from peopel who are working on the tool Q.Describe some problem that you had with automating testing tool. Answer: 1. The inabality of winrunner to identify the third party control like infragistics controls The change of the location of the table object will cause object not found error. The inability of the winrunner to execute the script against multiple languages Q.What are the main attributes of test automation? Answer: Maintainability, Reliability, Flexibility, Efficiency, Portability, Robustness, and Usability - these are the main attributes in test automation. Q.What testing activities you may want to automate in a project? Answer: Testing tools can be used for : * Sanity tests(which is repeated on every build), * stress/Load tests(U simulate a large no of users, which is manually impossible) & * Regression tests(which are done after every code change) Q.How to find that tools work well with your existing system? Answer: To find this, select the suite of tests which are most important for your application. First run them with automated tool. Next subject the same tests to careful manual testing. If the results are coinciding you can say your testing tool has been performing. Q.How will you test the field that generates auto numbers of AUT when we click the button 'NEW" in the application? Answer: We can create a text file in a certain location, and update the auto generated value each time we run the test and compare the currently generated value with the previous one will be one solution. Q.How will you evaluate the fields in the application under test using automation tool? Answer: We can use Verification points(rational Robot) to validate the fields .Ex.Using objectdata,objectdata properties VP we can validate fields. Q.Can we perform the test of single application at the same time using different tools on the same machine? Answer: No. The Testing Tools will be in the ambiguity to determine which browser is opened by which tool. Q.What is 'configuration management'? Answer: Configuration management is a process to control and document any changes made during the life of a project. Revision control, Change Control, and Release Control are important aspects of Configuration Management. Q.How to test the Web applications? Answer: The basic difference in web testing is here we have to test for URL's coverage and links coverage. Using WinRunner we can conduct web testing. But we have to make sure that Web test option is selected in "Add in Manager". Using WR we cannot test XML objects. Q.What are the problems encountered during the testing the application compatibility on different browsers and on different operating systems Answer: Font issues, alignment issues Q.How exactly the testing the application compatibility on different browsers and on different operating systems is done Answer: Please Send Your Suggestion Q.How testing is proceeded when SRS or any other document is not given? Answer: If SRS is not there we can perform Exploratory testing. In Exploratory testing the basic module is executed and depending on its results, the next plan is executed. Q.How do we test for severe memory leakages? Answer: By using Endurance Testing . Endurance Testing means checking for memory leaks or other problems that may occur with prolonged execution. Q.what is the difference between quality assurance and testing? Answer: Quality assurance involves the entire software development process and testing involves operation of a system or application to evaluate the results under certain conditions. QA is oriented to prevention and Testing is oriented to detection. Q.why does software have bugs? Answer: 1.miscommunication 2.programming errors 3.time pressures. 4.changing requirements 5.software complexity Q.What is memory leaks and buffer overflows ? Answer: Memory leaks means incomplete de-allocation - are bugs that happen very often. Buffer overflow means data sent as input to the server that overflows the boundaries of the input area, thus causing the server to misbehave. Buffer overflows can be used. Q.What are the major differences between stress testing,load testing,Volume testing? Answer: Stress testing means increasing the load ,and checking the performance at each level. Load testing means at a time giving more load by the expectation and checking the performance at that level. Volume testing means first we have to apply initial. Q.What is Negative Testing? Answer : Testing the system or application using negative data is called negative testing, for example, testing password entering 6 characters where it should be 8 characters should display a message. When we test an application by putting negative values (instead of actual values), then the system should not allow the other values rather than the actual value. The system should give an message that the value is not correct. This is called negative testing. Another example is, if a user tries to type a letter in a numeric field, the correct behavior in this case would be to display the “Incorrect data type, please enter a number” message. The purpose of negative testing is to detect such situations and prevent applications from crashing. Also, negative testing helps you improve the quality of your application and find its weak points. (source: Jerry Ruban) Testing Tools Interview Questions Testing Tools Interview Questions and Answers Q.What is the difference between Load Testing and Performance Testing? Answer : Basically Load, Stress and Performance Testing are the same. However, Load testing is the test to check the users’ response time of number of users of any one scenario of the application whereas Performance Testing is the test to check the user response time for multiple scenario of the same application. Q.What was the process of QA testing in your company where you worked for the last time? (or As far as the QA process is involved, what was the testing process in your company?) Answer : The QA testing process that was followed in my last company where I worked was like this: First of all the Business Requirement Document was prepared as per the client’s requirement (with the muck-up screen shots). Then on the basis of the requirement document, Test Strategy, Test Plans and Test Cases were written in sequential order. Once the Build is made and deployed to the different testing environments where different types of testing were performed to check whether there are any defects. Q.What is SQL? Answer : SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard computer language for accessing and manipulating database systems. SQL statements are used to retrieve and update data in a database. SQL works with database programs like MS Access, DB2, Informix, MS SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, etc. Unfortunately, there are many different versions of the SQL language, but to be in compliance with the ANSI standard, they must support the same major keywords in a similar manner (such as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, WHERE, and others). Note: Most of the SQL database programs also have their own proprietary extensions in addition to the SQL standard. Q.Where do you write SQL query? Answer : We write SQL queries using some these tools: Todd, Squirrel and Rapid SQL. Q.Do you really need to write SQL as a QA Engineer? Answer : Yes. You need to. No matter whether it is a small company or big, they have a database and you need to validate the data by writing SQL queries going into the database. The stronger you are in SQL, the better the chance of getting a job. Q.What are the basic commands in SQL+? Answer : They are: SQL>select *from tab; -to directory of database tables SQL>ed -to edit the queries in the notepad SQL>/ -to run or execute the query command SQL>create table ‘table name’ -to create a table SQL>desc ‘table name’ -to display table with column name with type SQL>alter table ‘table name’ -to add a columnadd ‘column name’ ‘type’ SQL>alter table ‘table name’ -to modify the name and type of a columnmodify ‘column name’ ‘type’ Q.What is the most common syntax you have used while writing SQL query? Answer: SELECT Q.What is a Primary Key? Answer : In a database table, the Primary Key is a column which has a unique value for each of the row within that column. It can’t have NULL value. Q.What is a Unique Key? Answer : In a database table, the Unique Key is a column which may or may not have null value of each of the row within that column. Q.What is Data? Answer : Data is number, character or image which has some information. Q.What is Database? Answer : It is collection of logically related data designed in a tabular form to meet the information needs of one or more users. Q.What is Change Control (OR Change Request)? Answer: It is a document that describes the additional functionalities that are added after the Business Requirement Document is signed off. It can be updated in the old business requirement document or it can be a separate document. (For example, in the Business Requirement Document, on the login page, there are User Name and Password fields. The owner of the software wants to add, “If you do not have User Name and Password, please click here.” This is a change. But this change came after the document is signed off by the Project Managers. Now this is a change control and comes as a separate document. (It is also called Change Request, Modification Request). Q.Have you written Change Control? Answer: Yes. There was a situation where in one page of an application in my previous project, when the user clicked “Contact” link, it would pop up a different window (new separate window). But it was NOT the way it was described in the requirement document. In the requirement document, when the user clicks “Contact” link, then it should navigate to another page (Not a separate new window. Then was it a problem? Functionality wise, it was NOT a problem, however, on all the other pages, when the user clicked “Contact” link, the system would navigate to next page (not a separate window). So, it was NOT CONSISTENT with the other functionalities on the other pages. Therefore, it was a consistency issue. I reported this as a bug. But the Project Manager asked me to write it as a Change Control (because it requires more budget to fix this issue) so that he can address this issue at a later time. So I wrote this as a Change Control. (However, it is NOT a job of a tester to write change control. It’s the business analyst’s job) Q.What is Backend Testing? Answer : It is a test to check whether the data displayed in the GUI front end report format matches with the particular data in the original database. Q.Have you done any Back End Testing and/or if you did, how did you do it in your last project? Answer : Yes I did. I was working on Reports. When I was working in my last project, this was my scenario: It was the case of testing one part of application used in the bank, where a customer comes to a bank’s front desk associate and ask for opening an account. The associate then asks for the personal information about the customer which, are the primary data, such as: First Name, Last Name, Date of Birth, Address and Social Security Number. The associate then put these primary data of that particular customer into the computer, which then afterwards batch-processed into the DATABASE in XML Format. Then the batch-processed data is sent to ETL (Extract-Transform-Load, which is software made by ‘AbInitio’ or ‘Informatica’) which processes the job to create a file to produce the report. The file is displayed to a GUI Front End report format with the help of Crystal Report/Business Object. In the GUI Front End report, let us say, if for January, the income of that person was displayed as $ 900.00, then my job was to validate this data by writing SQL queries whether this displayed data matches with the original input data in the database, being called as the Back End Testing. Q.How can you be sure that the query you wrote is correct? Or how do you know that the data you pulled from the database is correct? Answer: I write SQL query based on the requirement document. In the requirement document, various conditions are given for the query. Based on those conditions, I write SQL query. Therefore, anything different from the requirement document is definitely a defect. Q.What is XML? Answer : -XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language. -XML is a markup language much like HTML. -XML was designed to describe data. -XML tags are not predefined and we must define our own tags. -XML uses a Document Type Definition (DTD) or an XML Schema to describe data. -XML with a DTD or XML Schema is designed to be self-descriptive. -XML is a W3C Recommendation. Q.What is Quality Center? Answer: QC is mercury interactive process based test management system. Q.Why use Quality Center? Answer: QC is a part of the Test Suite set of tools that allows u to organize and manage your testing effort. -create a repository to store all the test results, metrics and collateral. -maintain security for the testing project. -Writing manual test cases and automated test scripts -Scheduling and executing the tests -Integrating with the feature testing tool (Win Runner & QTP) -Analyze the entire testing process with graphs and reports -generate custom project documents (MS Word, MS Project) -Provides a means for defect tracking and reporting -Is accessible world-wide Q.What are the phases of Quality Center process? Answer: -Setting up the QC project -Requirements Management -Create Test Cases -Run Tests and Analyze Results -Report and Track Defects Q.What are the features of Quality Center? Answer: -Entirely browser based -Project customization now a separate module -Test requirements management -Execution Flow tab -"Drill Down" in graphs -save graph, report and grid settings for reuse -Attach screen snapshots to any object that accepts attachments -Web Defect Manager functionality built into Defects tab Q.What is a Quality Center Project? Answer: QC project is a customizable repository for the testing effort. It contains tests, test sets, execution records, defect reports and other test documentation. Q.What data sources (databases) does QC use to store and manage data? Answer: QC project can be stored and managed using the following data sources. -Microsoft Access -Sybase -Microsoft Sql -Oracle Q.How does u create a project in QC? Answer: Use the Project Administration Utility to create a QC project Q.How does u control the access to a QC project? Answer: As a QC Admin, you can specify the users and the privileges each user will have. Privileges can also be set for groups. Q.What is a Table in QC project? Answer: A table in QC project stores records of information about your test plan. It is part of a database. Q.How many built-in tables does QC have? What are they? Answer: There are 6 tables accessible to the user via QC's Customize Project interface. They are as follows: -Test Table -Test Step Table -Run Table -Test Set Table -Defect Table -Requirement Table Q.What is a User-Defined field? How many can u create? Answer: A User-Defined field is a column in a QC table activated by the user to hold project specific information. You can create unto 99 user-defined fields in a QC project Q.What are the benefits of User-defined fields? Answer: -Store project-specific information that may be inappropriate for built-in fields -More ways to filter and sort project information -More ways to customize graphs and reports. Q.What are the currently supported user defined field types? -Number -Date -String -User List -Lookup List Q.Where are the user-defined fields added? Answer: The user-defined fields are added to the Test Plan tab under "Other Information" Q.How do u launch winRunner ? Answer: Test Script tab under Test Plan module lets u -see any WinRunner code that exists for a test -launch WinRunner with this script loaded. Q.How do you link requirements with a test? Answer: We link requirements to a particular test using Requirements coverage tab. Q.What is a Test Plan Tree? Answer: The Test Plan tree is a branching structure that allows you to organize Your entire test plan visually. Q.What are the benefits of a test plan tree? Answer: -Visually organize your tests -Use different criteria for groups of tests -object controls -business tasks -regression -Insert Placeholders where needed -Testing can start before all tests are created while keeping the plan orderly. Q.Why limit access to a Quality Center project? Answer: You can enhance project security by assigning access privileges to all users. Q.What are Test Requirements? Answer: Test Requirements refer to objectives or conditions that must be satisfied during testing Q.What are the categories of test requirements? Answer: -Business Requirements->High-Level objectives of the customer requesting the product -User requirements->Describe tasks the user must be able to accomplish with the product. ->Tasks captured in use cases or scenario descriptions. -functional requirements->documented in a software requirements specification (SRS) ->Define the application's software functionality to enable users to accomplish their tasks. Q.How do u check which tests are linked to a specific requirement? Answer: Coverage View is used to check which tests are linked to a specific requirement. Use this view to find untested requirements. Q.What does document view show? Answer: document view displays columns for all requirements. Q.How do you customize requirements traa? Answer: Open the "select columns" dialog to customize the requirements tree Q.What is an automated test? An automated test is a recorded script of user actions that is played back on an application to verify correct functionality. Q.Can u use QC for automation? Answer: Yes. QC integrates with WinRunner which is a testing tool that enables you to create and playback automated tests. Q.What are the 2 ways of adding automated tests? Answer: -save a WR test to a Quality Center project. -Convert a manual test to an automated one. Q.What is the importance of connecting a test case to test requirements? Answer: -to see if all the requirements are covered. -to map a test case associated with its requirements. Q.What are the types of graphs and reports in QC? Answer: Progress graphs are available for all tables. Summary graphs are available for all tables. Test lab has additional graphs -cross test set progress -cross test set summary Defects table also has Age graphs Reports -standard reports -Document generator -snapshots -full reports Q.What are Progress Graphs? Answer: Progress Graphs display specified information over a period of time. Each testing phase has a progress graph Requirements Phase -Data grouped by fields in the REQUIREMENT table. Planning Phase -Data from TEST table Execution Phase -Data from RUN table Defects Phase -Data from DEFECT table Q.What are Summary Graphs? Answer: Summary graphs show the accumulated value of specified data in the Quality Center project. Each testing phase has a summary graph User may select 2 fields for grouping- graph for each field, grouped by field Q.Why use a filter? Answer: Filters allow you to restrict the scope of data displayed in the graph, report or grid according to criteria that you specify. When a filter is applied, only those records that meet the filter Conditions are displayed. Filters are available for Graphs, Reports and Grids. Q.When would you generate project documents using the standard Reports? Answer: Feature and when would you use the Document Generator? We use standard Reports -to view quick reports, -to filter/sort and customize the fields, -and to save it to a Web page file (.htm) We use Document Generator -for high customization involving index, tables & attachments -to save and edit in MS Word format (.doc) -to choose between snapshot and Full report. Q.What icon indicates whether a test has steps? Answer: footprint next to the manual and automated icons indicates whether a test has steps. Q.What is a Test Set? Answer: Test Set is a group of tests selected from the database to achieve a Specific goal. Q.What is a Host Machine? Answer: host is a computer connected to a network, serving the project database, Which is able to execute automated tests. Q.What is a Scheduler? Answer: The Scheduler is a QC feature that allows timed execution of automated tests. You can specify the date and time when a test will be run. This is useful for running large no. of tests unattended, such as overnight. Q.How does u open a Scheduler? Answer: Goto-> Execution Flow tab. Right click a test to be scheduled and select "Test Run Schedule" from the pop-up menu. Q.Why use QC to track defects? Answer: Maintains a centralized database Standardize defect reporting Prevent duplicate defects Attach supporting information easily Analyze defect data using reports and graphs. Q.How to prevent logging of duplicate defects? Answer: Search the defect table for similar defects before entering a new one. Use the "Find Similar" option to compare new defect and all other defects by: Summary Description and R&D comments. Q.How does a Defect get fixed? Answer: Developers: Fix open defects Report the repair information Change status to 'Fixed' Once the defect is fixed, it gets closed. Q.What is a Defect Age Graph? Answer: It shows the length of time a reported defect has been present in the project. contact for more on Testing Tools Online Training
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